|
A Puerto Rican American ((スペイン語:puertorriqueño-americano),〔(''La Reforma social: Lessons from the War and the Peace Conference'' ) Reforma Social: Revista mensual de cuestiones sociales, Volumes 20-21. p232.〕〔(''Yonquis y yanquis salvajes.'' ) José Luis Alonso de Santos and César Oliva. p20. Ediciones Castalia. 2012.〕 〔(''Isabela.'' ) Wagner Ortega González. p123. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. 2005.〕〔(''Boxeo Telemundo Regresa el 21 de Junio a las 11:35PM/10:35C con una Segunda Temporada que incluye a Orlanda Cruz y una pelea por el titulo mundial.'' ) Telemundo Press Release. 10 June 2013.〕), or Stateside Puerto Rican,〔(''Atlas of Stateside Puerto Ricans: Abridged Edition without Maps.'' ) Angelo Falcon. Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration. ca. 2002. Page 3. Retrieved 13 December 2013.〕〔(Promociones SMS y Dibella Entertainment firman al puertorriqueño americano Christopher “Golden” Galeano ). BOXEOMUNDIAL.COM. Posted in August 29, 2013.〕 is a seldom used term for a resident of the United States who was "born in Puerto Rico or who traces their family ancestry to Puerto Rico."〔(''Five million Puerto Ricans now living in the mainland U.S.'' ) Caribbean Business. 27 June 2013. Vol 41. Issue 24. Retrieved 13 December 2013.〕 Puerto Ricans, either born in the island or in the states, are American citizens. At nine percent of the Latino population in the United States, Puerto Ricans are the second largest Hispanic group nationwide, and comprise 1.5% of the entire population of the United States. Although the 2010 Census counted the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States at 4.6 million, more recent estimates show the Puerto Rican population to be over 5 million, as of 2012.〔(Puerto Ricans in the US )〕〔(Puerto Ricans in the US )〕 Despite newer migration trends, New York City continues to be home by a significant margin to the largest demographic and cultural center for Puerto Rican Americans on the mainland United States, with Philadelphia having the second largest community. The portmanteau "Nuyorican" refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City metropolitan area. A large portion of the Puerto Rican population in the United States resides in the Northeast region and Florida, though there are also significant Puerto Rican populations in the Chicago metropolitan area and the South Atlantic region stretching from Maryland to Georgia, and other states like Ohio, Texas, and California, among others. == Identity == Puerto Ricans have been migrating to the United States since the 19th century and migrating since 1898 (after it was transferred from Spain to the United States) and have a long history of collective social advocacy for their political and social rights and preserving their cultural heritage. In New York City, which has the largest concentration of Puerto Ricans in the United States, they began running for elective office in the 1920s, electing one of their own to the New York State Assembly for the first time in 1937.〔Falcón in Jennings and Rivera 1984: 15-42〕 Important Puerto Rican institutions have emerged from this long history.〔Nieto 2000〕 Aspira was established in New York City in 1961 and is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States.〔Pantoja 2002: 93-108〕 There is also the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington, DC, the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family Institute, Boricua College, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women, and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others. The government of Puerto Rico has a long history of involvement with the stateside Puerto Rican community.〔Duany 2002: Ch. 7〕 In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City.〔Chenault 1938: 72〕 The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth Office"), also part of Puerto Rico’s Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside.〔Lapp 1990〕 The strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity is fueled by a number of factors. These include the large circular migration between the island and the United States, a long tradition of the government of Puerto Rico promoting its ties to those stateside, the continuing existence of racial-ethnic prejudice and discrimination in the United States, and high residential and school segregation.〔Manuel Ortiz (1993). (The Hispanic Challenge: Opportunities Confronting the Church ). InterVarsity Press. Page 37. 〕〔Luis o. Reyes. (Mending the Puerto Rican Education Pipeline in New York City ). Centro Journal: volume xxv, number ii. Posted in fall 2012.〕〔Jorge Duany. (Mobile Livelihoods: The Sociocultural Practices of Circular Migrants between Puerto Rico and the United States ). The International Migration Review. Vol. 36, No. 2 (Summer, 2002). Published by Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. Page 355.〕 Notable attibutes that set the stateside Puerto Rican population apart from the rest of the US Hispanic community, is facts such as, Puerto Ricans have the highest military enrollment rates compared to other Hispanics, Puerto Ricans are more likely to be proficient in English than any other Hispanic group, and Puerto Ricans are also more likely to intermarry other ethnic groups, and far more likely to intermarry or "intermingle" specifically with blacks than any other Hispanic group.〔(Pew Hispanic. Chapter 1: Puerto Ricans on the U.S. Mainland ).〕〔(English Proficiency Lower Among Mexicans Than Puerto Ricans in U.S. ) Education Week. Posted by Mary Ann Zehr on September 21, 2009. 〕〔Sharon M. Lee and Barry Edmonston (June 2015). (New Marriages, New Families: U.S. Racial and Hispanic Intermarriage ). Population Bulletin. Vol. 60, No. 2.〕〔Nancy S. Landale, R. Salvador Olopesa, and Christina Bradatan. (Hispanic Families in the United States: Family Structure and Process in an Era of Family change ). 〕〔Jeffrey S. Passel, Wendy Wang and Paul Taylor. (755 Marrying Out - Pew Research Center: Marrying Out. One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages is Interracial or Interethnic ). RELEASED JUNE 4, 2010.〕〔Nathan Glazer (1997/Fourth printing: 2003). (We are All Multiculturalists Now ). Harvard University Press. Page 129.〕〔(Multiracial population Orlando grows: Multiracial population ). Posted by Jeff Kunerth, Orlando Sentinel (June 21, 2011).〕〔(Being latino: How interracial relationships shape the Latino community ). Posted by Maitri Pamo (06/12/2012).〕〔(Explorations in Black and Tan - IMDiversity ). Posted on Oct 16, 2012 by Carol Amoruso, Hispanic American Village Editor.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Puerto Ricans in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|